When one sows two types of grain together with grape seeds, how many sets of lashes does he receive, and from which two prohibitions?
Halachah 1 explains that sowing mixed species together with grape seeds simultaneously violates 'You shall not sow your field with mixed species' (Leviticus 19:19) and 'You shall not sow your vineyard with mixed species' (Deuteronomy 22:9), resulting in two sets of lashes provided he is warned for each prohibition separately.
Question 2
Why did the Sages decree against sowing kilayim in a vineyard in the Diaspora, but NOT against sowing field kilayim in the Diaspora?
Halachah 4 explains that the Sages prohibited vineyard kilayim in the Diaspora — but not field kilayim — precisely because vineyard kilayim in Eretz Yisrael renders produce forbidden even for benefit, while field kilayim is only forbidden for consumption. The greater severity of the Eretz Yisrael prohibition prompted the Rabbinic extension to the Diaspora.
Question 3
If a man of force sows kilayim in another person's vineyard and the owner hides out of fear, what is the halachic status of the produce?
Halachah 10 rules that when the owner hides out of fear — even without explicitly despairing — the produce becomes hallowed according to Scriptural Law. The Radbaz explains that being forced to hide is treated as equivalent to having given up hope, invoking the severity of the kilayim prohibition. Only when the owner does not hide (even if he privately despairs) does the produce become hallowed by Rabbinic decree only.
Question 4
According to Halachah 13, at what point does grain growing in a vineyard first become hallowed by Scriptural Law?
Halachah 13 explicitly distinguishes between grain and grapes: grain (and vegetables) become hallowed when they develop roots, while grapes become hallowed when they reach the size of a white bean. Importantly, grain that has already dried to the degree necessary for harvest — or grapes that have already fully matured — cannot become newly hallowed.
Question 5
How does one actually measure the 1/200th growth threshold that hallows produce — the standard referred to in Halachot 21-22?
Halachah 22 explains the method: determine how long it would take for the vegetable or grain to fully dry out if severed from the earth. A plant grows at the same rate as it dries. Therefore, that total drying time divided by 200 gives the time needed to grow 1/200th of its size while still in the ground. For example, if a plant would dry in 100 hours, then just 30 minutes in the ground equals 1/200th growth, at which point the produce becomes hallowed.