How many days longer is the solar year than the lunar year?
Halacha 2: the solar year exceeds the lunar year by approximately eleven days, which is why an extra month is added when about 30 days accumulate.
Question 2
What is the maximum number of days in a lunar month?
Halacha 3: no lunar month exceeds thirty days, so there is no need to check for the moon on night 31.
Question 3
A month in which the moon is sighted on the 30th night is called:
Halacha 4: a month of 29 days where the moon appeared on night 30 is called 'deficient.' A 30-day month is called 'full' or 'extended.'
Question 4
If the court's calculations show the moon cannot possibly be sighted on night 30, what do they do?
Halacha 6: if they know by calculation that sighting is impossible, they do not sit on day 30 and do not await witnesses. Any witnesses who come are known to be false.
Question 5
A great sage ordained in Eretz Yisrael left for abroad with no equal remaining — what is his status regarding calendar decisions?
Halacha 8: he is permitted to act abroad — but if he learns that an equal has arisen in Eretz Yisrael, he is forbidden, and any actions taken are void.