A Noachide who sinned under coercion (e.g., forced to worship idols) — what is his status?
Unlike Jews who are obligated in kiddush Hashem in some situations, Noachides are not. Therefore, if coerced to violate their laws, they may comply without liability.
Question 2
What happens to a Noachide who converts and then wishes to revert to resident alien status?
Once a Noachide converts (circumcision + immersion), the door back is closed. He must remain a full Jew. Exception: if he was immersed as a minor by a court, he may repudiate at majority — but only at that moment.
Question 3
A gentile who studies the Torah beyond his seven laws:
The Rambam rules a gentile who studies Torah beyond the seven laws is 'obligated to die' — but in practice is beaten, punished, and informed of his liability, not actually executed. He is not to create a new religious practice.
Question 4
If a Noachide gives charity, what does the Rambam say should be done with it?
If a ger toshav (resident alien observing seven laws) gives charity, we accept it and give it to Jewish poor — since he derives sustenance from Israel. If an idolater gives charity, we give it to gentile poor.
Question 5
Who among the descendants of Abraham is obligated in circumcision on the eighth day?
Isaac excludes Ishmael; Jacob (through the blessing of Abraham) represents the true line. The Sages add that descendants of Keturah (intermingled with Ishmael today) are obligated to circumcise on the 8th day — but are not executed for failing to do so.