A person admits a debt seriously before two witnesses without being in court and without saying 'you are my witnesses.' If he later denies it, what happens?
A serious admission before two witnesses — even without formally designating them — is binding. He cannot later claim he was joking. He must pay.
Question 2
When may a court write an admission document and give it to the plaintiff?
Strict conditions apply: a fixed court, a formal summons, and confirmed identities. This prevents fraud where colluders might try to obligate a third party with a fabricated admission.
Question 3
The court orders 'go out and pay him.' The defendant leaves, returns, and claims he paid. Witnesses say he didn't. What is the ruling?
When the court issued a final 'go pay' order, the defendant's later claim of payment with contradicting witnesses establishes him as a presumed liar — he must pay.
Question 4
At what point does a litigant lose the right to freely change his claims?
A litigant may revise claims freely until witnesses testify. After witnesses contradict a claim, further changes require a plausible explanation and must be made while still in court.
Question 5
A debtor admits in court and then remembers having paid and brings witnesses. Is his testimony effective?
He is not saying 'I never borrowed' — he is saying 'I borrowed and then paid.' This is a valid sequence. Witnesses to the payment are admissible and effective.