Reuven and Shimon both claim a donkey that was wandering freely. Neither has witnesses. What is the ruling?
A roaming animal has no established possession-based owner. Whoever holds it now takes heset and prevails, just like any disputed movable property.
Question 2
Reuven owned a cow kept in a pen with a shepherd. Shimon seized it claiming he bought it. Witnesses confirm it was Reuven's. What is the ruling?
Animals in enclosures or with shepherds are presumed to belong to their established owners. Reuven's original ownership is not overcome by Shimon's seizure.
Question 3
Why can't possession of a servant establish ownership?
Servants move of their own free will and may follow any person. Therefore, their presence with someone creates no inference of sale or gift — original ownership always prevails.
Question 4
Two people are holding a boat, each claiming ownership. How is the dispute resolved?
The same rule as disputed garments applies: each swears they own no less than half, and the value is divided equally between them.
Question 5
In disputed property, what does 'miggo' allow a litigant to do?
Miggo ('since') means: since the person could have claimed something even stronger (that we'd believe), we accept their more modest claim as credible too.