Hamotzi lechem min ha'aretz — said over bread made from the five grain species. This is the highest category of food blessing.
Question 2
Which five species have the special grain-level blessings?
The five grain species: wheat (chitah), barley (se'orah), spelt (kusmin), rye (shifon), and oats (shibbolet shual). Rice is notably NOT one of them.
Question 3
You've said Hamotzi over bread at a meal. Do you need to say a blessing over the salad you're eating?
Bread covers the meal. Once Hamotzi is said, all subsequent foods in that meal are covered — no additional blessings needed (with exceptions for wine, fruit, etc.).
Question 4
What blessing is said after eating cake (but not as a meal)?
Al hamichya is the abbreviated after-blessing for mezonot foods (grain products that aren't bread). Three-fold structure: thanks for the grain, the land, and Jerusalem.
Question 5
What blessing is said before eating rice?
Rice: Borei minei mezonot before, Borei nefashot after. It has mezonot status (not ha'adama) because of its importance as a staple, but it's not one of the five special grain species.